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The International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance(also called the "Necessary and Proportionate Principles" or just "the Principles") is a document which attempts to "clarify how international human rights law applies in the current digital environment".〔(Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance ), at Preface, May 2014〕 Communications Surveillance(Mass Surveillance of Communication) conflicts with a number of International Human Rights, mainly that of Privacy. As a result,Communications Surveillance may only occur when prescribed by law necessary to achieve legitimate aim, and proportionate to the aim used.〔Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 29; General Comment No. 27, Adopted by The Human Rights Committee Under Article 40, Paragraph 4, Of The International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9, November 2, 1999〕〔"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism," 2009, A/HRC/17/34.〕〔Frank La Rue, "Report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council on the implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression", 2013, A.HRC.23.40 EN〕 The document consists of 13 principles developed to provide society groups, industry, governments, and others with a framework to assess whether current and proposed surveillance laws or statutes conflict with International Human Rights law.〔(Government Guide on the International Principles on the application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance )〕 ==History== The inception of the principles occurred as a result of a meeting between over 40 experts in privacy and security in Brussels, October 2012. After the initial consultation, a second meeting in Rio de Janeiro took place in December 2012 with the participation of the United Nations Special Rapporteur.〔UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank La Rue, A/HRC/23/40, at para 10〕 Global consultation followed via conference calls every month between January and May 2013.〔https://www.accessnow.org/blog/2013/09/22/surveillance-and-human-rights-principles-are-launched-at-the-24th-hrc〕 The drafting process, led by access, EFF and Privacy International, along with several NGO's, Criminal Lawyers, Human rights advocates and privacy advocates were finalized and published for the first time on 10 July 2013 online at www.necessaryandproportionate.org.〔(EFF, Necessary and Proportionate ), article 19, May 2014 at 1〕 In September 2013 at the 24th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, they were launched officially. The principles have now been adopted globally by more than 400 organizations. The global adoption necessitated a number of primarily superficial textual changes in the language of the document for the purposes of translation. This occurred between March and May 2014.〔(Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance ), at Insert, May 2014〕 The effect and intention of the principles remained the same, and the final and authoritative version of the document was then launched in May 2014.〔(Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance ) at Insert, May 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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